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Animal research is one of the prevailing controversial issues of today’s society. There is a fine line between ethics benefiting people and that of ethics harming animals and which view should be adopted a the law for dealing with the use of animals in medical and psychological research, and also in research of other types. Animal testing involves the use of non-human animals in scientific experimentation which can include anything from medical use to psychological alternatives. Animals ranging from flies and worms to that of large and more complex organisms such as non-human primates are used annually in the name of furthering our understanding of the human organism and the limits of medical science. But the controversy lies in whether animals should be used at all. Is the benefit of testing on animals worth the cruelty humans impose on them and is it fair to assume authority over lesser organisms? There are suggestions that animals are not even self-aware and as such, should not be treated on par with humans. Many of these supporters point out the large benefits of medical testing of animals and how humankind has thus benefited. Animal activists argue that the research can be done similarly without harming animals and that exploiting them only leads to a more nonchalant attitude toward our animal friends. If animals are not used, then many humans could die awaiting a cure but thousands of animals die daily and to date, the benefits on humans does not justify the killing. This is just many of the questions that plague the scientific and ethical argument for the use of animals in research.
Those who seek to change human practices toward animals fall into two distinct groups: those who seek animal rights and those who seek to protect animal welfare. Animal welfare advocates the implementation of stronger laws preventing cruelty toward animals and requiring humane treatment. It is this group that advocates strongly against the use of animals in medical and scientific testing, which they deem cruel and unnecessary. Animal welfare activist argue that the scientific finding that are discovered with the use of animals can also be done without the use of animals.
They also say that animals feel pain and that many of the procedures done on animals are cruel and unnecessary. Animal welfare activists believe that all animals feel some degree of pain and if not pain, then a level of stress from having to undergo experimentation procedures. They consider any amount of stress or discomfort as unethical treatment of animals and justify their cause in this way. Their main argument stands on the foundation that the amount of medical research uncovered through the use of animal experimentation is too small to justify the amount of animals being hurt needlessly and that the research can be done without animals to begin with.

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In science, the rules of entropy all boil down to a single fact: there are many ways to be chaotic, but only one form of order. In life this translates to the reality that no matter how many times change occurs, it is still a form of chaos and in this perspective, nothing really changes at all. This can be seen in many areas of life and in the course of a lifespan as well.
We are born helpless, completely dependent on others to eat, get around, be protected. And although life changes us constantly and we are put through trials and obstacles, changing us physically and emotionally, eventually we end up in old age, again helpless and dependent. An entire lifetime of change only to be back in the same situation as when we started life. Many of us won’t live long enough to come full circle back to an infantile helplessness, but the idea that the more things change, the more they stay the same can be seen in the little aspects of life as well.
I have been traveling for over a year and in this time have been to most countries in Europe, many cities in the United States, and just as many countries in South East Asia as well. This isn’t strange in itself but what might set this journey apart is that I actually have no home. I’m not traveling because I want to see the world or experience different cultures, but because I have no where to fly home to. I have stayed in so many hotels they no longer stand out and my passport is full of stamps even though it won’t expire for another six years. My wallet carries at least five different currencies and I’ve become somewhat of a pro at reading public transportation time tables. I have enough frequent flyer miles to fly for another year and not pay for another ticket.
In every country I visit, everything around me changes. People speak another language, have a different culture and background. Every new city I visit means finding new foods to eat, experiences different social expectations and seeing ways of life in stark contrast to the previous city I might have just visited. Between Frankfurt and Hong Kong, very little similarity exists. Even the very rudimentary basics of life–water, air, and food–are completely different. In Frankfurt the water is drinkable and it tastes great. When you walk outside you can see the sky and the air is crisp. In Hong Kong the water is clean but tastes horrid and the air is heavy and so polluted, you can’t see the blue in the sky. And this is only the basics. When you add culture and history, the discrepancy is metaphorically and literally, on the other side of the world.

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Marriage Philosophies: The Female Perspective
I am fortunate not to have come from a broken family. My parents have been married all my life and have set me up for romantic hopelessness. In a time when the divorce rate is over 50%, it’s difficult to imagine that marriage in anything more than the legally binding contract that it is, a paper that enables two persons to benefit from tax breaks and the sharing of assets. Most of my friends’ parents are divorced and even my boyfriend comes from a broken marriage, his parents divorcing even before he was born. Regardless of the reality, I remain hopeful that marriage can be something more.
I want marriage to be everything it could possibly be–not just a legal contract or a tax break, but a promise between two people that means something more. Marriage should be a promise to be loyal, a vow to be wholly devoted to another person and to be sensitive to their needs as a person now and in the future as well. Yes, people change and the feelings that may have been present on one’s wedding day may have waned since, but marriage should be more than a selfish happiness. It should be something more than “You make me happy,” something more like “I want to be there to see you every time you are happy.”
I’m not disillusioned to believing it’s easy and that yes, the odds of my marriage working out is 50/50, but I still like to think that as humans, we are capable of something more. I’m prepared for the obstacles and hardships that may come with marriage but I’m also ready for the joy and happiness it can bring at its very best.
Marriage Philosophies: The Male Perspective
My parents divorced the day after they got married because my dad cheated on my mother on their honeymoon night–he took a prostitute to the hotel room next door and there is reason to believe he was sober. My mother was already pregnant with me and so you can imagine how I feel about marriage. Sure there’s love, companionship and the hope that the girl you are with is only sleeping with you but I think that the best one can hope for from marriage is a contract that lets you keep more of your income, share some assets, and maybe even have a hot meal when you get home.
Love, or whatever you feel is love, will fade after the wedding day regardless of how long you were dating before the wedding. Most likely she will get fat and flabby, stop taking care of herself and start watching Opera. I can still hope for sex without having to go through the dating dance but that will get lame as well. In reality, the best thing about marriage is knowing that you can pay less taxes and that the contract allows you to check the “married” box in surveys which usually allows you more benefits.

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In all honesty I have had a fairly easy life. I’m not adopted or orphaned, my parents never abused me physically or verbally and I have no learning disabilities of any kind. I grew up in a suburb, danced ballet, played sports in high school and graduated at the top of my class. I never broke a bone (knock on wood), sprained my ankle, contracted a disease that put my life at risk, had a major car accident or been diagnosed with any kind of illness. In fact I’ve never even been hospitalized and the only time I have been to a hospital is when someone in my family gave birth (to bouncing, healthy babies) or when I volunteered to put on a Christmas program for the children’s hospital as a part of my high school senior project. I have never felt racially discriminated against and I can’t say that I come from a socioeconomically disadvantaged family. In fact, when I applied for universities, I was astonished at how little scholarships and grants I qualified for because of my idyllic childhood and background. I can say that I have had a virtually care-free life. But my most challenging life experience was during my freshman year in college when for the first time, I was faced with having to stand up for myself, my beliefs, and my morals.
After PSATs, SATs, ACTs, and electronically filling out various applications to several universities, I chose to attend the University of California in Los Angeles. I started fall quarter and was offically declared as a Chemistry major, knowing I would most likely change majors eventually. My parents had helped me move into my dorm room the week before and my roommate was friendly enough–she seemed clean and studious but at the same time not too conflicting with my naturally chaotic personality. We had a few meals together, but it was pretty clear we would only be roommates and not close friends because we had different interests that put us in very distinct social circles. She played the cello in the orchestra and I was on the track and field team, running short-distance. So while I was up early for practice and training, constantly watching what I ate and conditioning during most of my free time, she had rehearsals late into the night, spent lots of time sitting and ate tons of junk. All the same, we were amiable toward one another and could have a laugh or two when it was just the two of us.
Our different schedules made it so I was constantly out of the room and spent very little time in the dorms while she was almost always in the room or very close to the dorms. I didn’t think anything of this–after all we were consumed in very different activities and part of college and the dorm experience was learning how to share a room and compromise. However by the end of the first month together I started to notice little things that made me suspicious.

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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) can be a disabling learning disorder. For young children it can make school frustrating and incomprehensible and for the teachers and parents who attempt to help children with ADD, it can provide a huge obstacle. Attention Deficit Disorder is very much what it name suggests–a disability in which the ability to concentrate is jeopardised, causing learning and performing attention intensive activities difficult and at times, impossible. To help children who suffer from ADD, psychologists have suggested attention-increasing activities that attempt to help children with ADD by improving their attention spans through repetition and conditioning. These types of activities may offer some help however for severe ADD sufferers, they can only aggravate the condition and make the condition more frustrating. Because ADD is a disorder which comes chemical imbalances, doctors have utilized Ritalin, Methylphenidate, as a mild amphetamine drug to help especially children with ADD in school. Although Ritalin does provide relief for children and adults with ADD, it can also have damaging side-effects and the use of the drug for the treatment of ADD has come into close inspection in the last few years.
Methylphenidate is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. Its brand name, Ritalin, works in the same ways that caffeine does–it increases heart rate, increases metabolism, heightens concentration–but in an exponen-tially more potent manner. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimu-lant,[10][11][12] reducing impulsive behavior, and facilitating concentration on work and other tasks. Adults who have ADHD often report that methylphenidate increases their ability to focus on tasks and organize their lives. In children who are prescribed with the drug to help with their ADD, the drug is shown to provide relief and it does indeed aid in concentration. Children dis-play signs of increased attention, less irritability and higher information retention. However Rita-lin has a slight “feel-good” side-effect that makes it not addictive, but habit-forming. After long-term use of Ritalin, users find themselves dependent on the drug, using it even when not neces-sary or after their ADD has been controlled. This dependency has come into criticism and many opponents of Ritalin point to Ritalin as a pharmaceutical gateway drug, leading to stronger do-sages in later life or illegal drug experimentation.
Ritalin also causes substantial physiological side-effects. Reported methylphenidate abuse side effects include psychosis (abnormal thinking or hallucinations), difficulty sleeping, mood swings, mood changes, stomach aches, diarrhea, headaches, lack of hunger (leading to weight loss) and dry mouth.

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