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Why levins and lewontin argue that scientific change resulted from political – economic change:

Due to political and economic changes people where exposed to different economical situations and they faced difference obstacles. The changes in both, the political and economical situations, brought some setbacks in the field of scientific research as a result this compelled many scientists to offers solutions to these problems. In the process of solving these problems more and more discoveries emerged in science.

Why scientific change occurred occurs for Kuhn:

From Kuhn’s point of view scientific knowledge developed through two main phases; that is through the normal and revolutionary phase. According to his view normal science is a very crucial feature in the development of scientific knowledge, since it has a very great influence. From Kuhn’s observations some factors like psychological and sociological factors contributed to the better understanding of scientific knowledge. These two factors greatly contributed to the better understanding of scientific knowledge. They just acted as a go-between, making it easy to understand more about scientific knowledge.

From Kuhn view a scientist’s society is where there are many practitioners who have a good and common understanding about science. These people must share some common principles and concepts.

Kuhn further argues that the other characteristic of scientific growth is that it has its roots in psychological and sociological factors of research as compared to any logical discoveries. He states that their is no logical explanation to the manner in which scientific change occurred.

Kuhn expresses that the proceedings of scientific change where not all that smooth from one stage to another. According to Kuhn their is no specific formula or format that clearly explains why scientific change took place, it is seen to have been initiated by a gesture switch. He claims that scientific change did not follow a given sequence. Kuhn relates scientific change more to a kin of religious conversion therefore its existence does not have a specific and vivid explanation.

Levins-lewons though:
From my own point of view levins lewontin is the one who clearly explains the rise of evolution during the 19th century. From levins lewontin we are shown that there is a clear relationship between embryology and evolution. From the relationship the methods that are mostly employed in evo-devo include; evolutionary development genetics, comparative biology and experimental development.
Mostly comparative embryology gives the basics and origin of phylogenies. There has been a great coincidence with the previous researches that have exhibited that the evolvability of development gives a good understanding of morphological evolution.

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Children are influenced and affected by every aspect of their environments. From their parents at home, their teachers at school, the neighborhoods they live in and the friends they play with, their surroundings play a large part of influencing the people they will become and how they will act in adulthood. Time and time again there is a large discrepancy over children who grow up in underprivileged neighborhoods and those who are raised in affluence and the careers they pursue, the level of education they finish and their sentiments toward others. It is hard to believe that environment does not play a part on the lives of children because so much evidence supports the reality that a child’s future depends much upon the environments they are exposed to as children. The environment a child is brought up in can have a direct influence on the future of their careers and the people they will become.
One’s surroundings can play a large part on the careers they will eventually pursue. Children who are raised with affluent parents who prioritize education and personal achievement are more apt to be successful, attend university, and pursue careers with financially stability. An upper-class socioeconomic background will also breed a foundation that will allow a child to engage in extracurricular activities that promote mental expansion and physical fitness. Children from better socioeconomic backgrounds have a higher rate of attending higher education and pursuing more advanced degrees. This will in turn lead to their seeking careers that pay higher and promote career advancement. In this way, child’s environment can play a significant role in determining the educational paths and careers they chose as adults.
In contrast children who grow up in lower-class neighborhoods and attend inner-city schools are not as likely to pursue their education past high school and are more likely to become involved in gang-related activities and other unlawful actions. Children raise in socioeconomic disadvantaged areas find the path to higher education more difficult and are more likely to not spend time and invest money in their education, taking jobs that require only high school skills and staying with them instead of pursuing career advancing opportunities.
A child’s environment can also determine the kind of person they will become. Children who are raised in neighborhoods of heightened conflict among race and class will grow up with an increased likelihood of holding sentiments of hate, prejudice and discrimination. On the other hand, children who grow up in safe neighborhoods cultivate feelings of equality and are more likely to feel understanding and compassion.

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Thе sеаrсh for а globаl аpproасh to thе сommon good hаs sеrіous prасtісаl іmplісаtіons. Too oftеn іn thе pаst, аnd аs numеrous postmodеrn аnd dесonstruсtіonіst thіnkеrs hаvе notеd, сonstruаls of unіvеrsаl humаn nаturе аnd of thе good soсіеty hаvе bееn projесtеd by еlіtеs аs іdеologісаl protесtіons of thеіr own іntеrеsts, usuаlly іn wіllful іgnorаnсе of glаrіng сulturаl bіаsеs. Thе Ugаndаn thеologіаn Еmmаnuеl Kаtongolе іs а Саtholіс prіеst еduсаtеd іn phіlosophy аt Romе аnd Lеuvеn, who hаs tаught аt Dukе Unіvеrsіty іn сollаborаtіon wіth Stаnlеy Hаuеrwаs. Ассordіng to Kаtongolе, lіbеrаl polіtісаl thеory аnd іts prіorіtіzаtіon of thе nаtіon stаtе sеrvе “thе Wеstеrn-іnspіrеd саpіtаlіstіс есonomy,” wіth rеsults thаt саn hаrdly bе justіfіеd іn tеrms of thе globаl сommon good. On thе othеr hаnd, howеvеr, thе аbаndonmеnt of аny notіon of morаl objесtіvіty or shаrеd humаn nееds аnd vаluеs сould сrеаtе а dаngеrous vасuum, еspесіаlly іn “fіrst world” асаdеmіа аnd polіtіеs, whеrе thе аtrophy of sеrіous сommіtmеnt to globаl soсіаl сhаngе thrеаtеns to lеаvе аn opеn fіеld for nаkеd аssеrtіons of sеlf-іntеrеst. Іf phіlosophy аnd thеology hаvе gіvеn up on globаl stаndаrds, есonomіс іnstіtutіons hаvе not, аnd thе stаndаrds of thе lаttеr аrе hаrdly еgаlіtаrіаn. Lіkеwіsе, rесеnt еvеnts іn rеsponsе to tеrrorіsm hаvе еxposеd а dеbаtе, еvеn rіft, іn U.S. forеіgn polісy ovеr whеthеr аn “Аmеrіса fіrst” аgеndа should guіdе thе globаl іnfluеnсе of thе world’s rеmаіnіng supеrpowеr. (Robеrt; 2001, 10-12)
Сommunісаtіon, сonsеnsus, аnd асtіon асross сulturаl bordеrs do tаkе plасе, howеvеr provіsіonаl аnd frаgіlе thеіr асhіеvеmеnt mіght bе. Polіtісаl sсіеntіsts Mаrgаrеt Kесk аnd Kаthryn Sіkkіnk dеsсrіbе thе strеngth аnd еffесtіvеnеss of trаnsnаtіonаl аdvoсасy nеtworks thаt hаvе bееn аblе to buіld on broаd іntеrсulturаl аgrееmеnt аround thrее сеntrаl іssuе аrеаs: humаn rіghts, thе еnvіronmеnt, аnd womеn’s rіghts. Іt mаy bе possіblе to аіm аt а thеory of “globаl еthісs,” іf not of “а globаl еthіс” іn thе sеnsе of а sіnglе, сlosеly spесіfіеd sеt of norms. “Sіgnіfісаnt сommonаlіtіеs іn humаn еxpеrіеnсе” do gіvе rіsе to сommon pеrсеptіons of justісе аnd іnjustісе асross сulturаl boundаrіеs, еspесіаlly whеn spесіfіс іssuеs аrе аt stаkе. (Robеrt; 2001, 10-12)
Onе glіmpsе of thе possіbіlіty of globаl еthісs іs gіvеn through thе Іntеrnаtіonаl Сrіmіnаl Сourt, еstаblіshеd іn 1998 by 120 sіgnаtory nаtіons. For іnstаnсе, іn сonstіtutіng sеxuаl аssаult аs а сrіmе аgаіnst humаnіty, thе foundіng doсumеnts poіnt to аnd rеіnforсе а globаl rіsе іn сonsсіousnеss of womеn’s humаn dіgnіty. Thе shаmеful fасt thаt thе Unіtеd Stаtеs stіll opposеs thе ІСС mеrеly сonfіrms thаt somе morаl іdеаls аrе so wіdеly rесognіzеd thаt thеy wіll not bе dеfеаtеd by еvеn thе most powеrful dіssеntеrs. Gеnoсіdе іs аlso now сommonly rесognіzеd to bе а сrіmе аnd not а tolеrаblе fасе of wаr.

cause and effect essay

Introduction
Illegal immigration can be defined as disobeying the immigration rules of a destined country by disregarding the right protocol of moving into that country. It involves crossing international political borders through water, land, and air improperly. Illegal immigration can also include entering another country in the right manner but refusing to leave after the expiry of one’s visa. Illegal immigrants are sometimes referred to as aliens. Most of the illegal immigrants to the U.S have two popular ways of entering the country. The first is through crossing the U.S Mexico border, the other is through over staying their visas. Most of the illegal migrants in the U.S are from Canada, Mexico, Europe and Africa. The effects of immigration are felt more intensely in states where large numbers of immigrants have settled in relation to others. Such states include New Jersey and California. Illegal immigration impacts the Nation and the lives of the natives in different ways and to different degrees depending on their social status and interests.
Social utilities
The government usually has to bear the costs of illegal immigrants when they utilize social services. Smith and Edmonston stated that, in relation to citizens, most illegal immigrants heavily rely on government social services such as schools. On the other hand, they do not utilize other government services as much such as health insurance. This is due to poverty and in trying to avoid leaving behind a trail which can be followed by legal authorities. This could lead to loss of lives in case of accidents. (6)
Competition
Illegal immigrants provided competition to the U.S citizens on the few job opportunities that were available. Considering the fact that illegal immigrants who had low skill levels flooded the job market, this subsequently led to depreciating working conditions and reduced compensation for legal immigrants and U.S citizens. This is because illegal immigrants were usually willing to accept less than the required minimum compensation and do without other benefits such as insurance cover. FAIR on its website reports that going by the study done by Dr. Donald Hudle in 1996, about seven hundred and thirty thousand Americans jobs were being taken over by illegal immigrants every year. Subsequently, illegal immigrants made U.S employers to develop a lax attitude towards their employees and seriously limited future career growths of citizens. On the other hand, illegal immigrants usually had the required job skills that are demanded by the market, making industries to expand further. Moreover, according to Hanson illegal immigrants are expanding and diversifying into other industries.

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Television is a communication media which has contributed a wide range of positive factors in growth and development of children. Television informs, educates and entertains both young and adults. However, it remains one of the cheapest through which a wide range of people can be informed educated and entertained. Most television media houses have programmmes that are of great help to the children and the family at large.
However some children tend to be hooked up by some television programmes where they become violet and unable to co – exist with other children since all the time they are glued to the television and have no time to socialize with others. This they develop resistance and may also bring big harm to their colleagues this has brought about conflict among parents and children.
Prolonged watching of some programmes violence exhibiting, horror movies and photographed materials are some of the demerits that are related with television.
This can be minimized by parents through show of love and counseling. Other activities can be involved. This involves visiting game and national parks, arranging occasional shows where children can exhibit their unrealized abilities and talents. A good time table can be prepared where educative programmes are given slots (Comstock, 1980). The media programmes should also have a control where they screen programmes aired to young people the television media houses can play a major role in eradication of the problem. Good aspects contributed by the television to the children overcome the disadvantages that are related to fame.
Television acts as a resourceful asset in education. Various programmes a tailor made to ensure that they suit the educative needs by the children. Some programmes which are documentary based enables students to get access to educative materials that are not easily accessible. For instance, a student in Europe can learn about the historical sites in the coastal regions of Africa through documented programmes. This can enable those students or children who undertake world history as a discipline in their studies.
Recently media houses have developed programmes that undertake and discuss some subjects that are taken by children in school. These subjects include sciences and mathematics. A teacher can discuss a scientific procedure in a television to a couple of thousands children internationally though a television. For example, a procedure that involves bisection of a rabbit to reveal the digestion system of a mammal and the organs involved can be well aired to many learning children.
A television can also be a very important information centre. The major role of television set since their innovation and development a century ago was to inform and disseminate message to a large group of people within a short time (Brian et al, 2002).

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